Analisis Spasial Temporal Suhu Permukaan Tanah (Land Surface Temperature) di Kota Manado

Abstract

Climate change has a real impact on urban areas, notably through the increase in land surface temperature (LST). This research aims to analyze the spatial distribution and temporal trends of LST in Manado City from 2019-2023. The research method used is descriptive quantitative with remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) approaches. The main data used was Landsat 8 satellite imagery, which was processed using a single-channel algorithm to extract surface temperature values. LST values were classified into three temperature categories (low, medium, high) using natural breaks, percentile, and classical statistics methods, and analyzed based on sub-district administrative areas. The results showed that Manado City experienced intensive thermal transformation over the last five years. In 2019, it was still dominated by the medium and low temperature categories, while high temperature only covered about 21% of the total area. However, by 2023, the area of high temperature nearly doubled, reaching more than 46% of the total area, while low temperature shrank drastically to only about 13%. The temperature increase is not evenly distributed, but concentrated in districts with high development intensity such as Mapanget, Malalayang, Paal Dua, and Tikala. In contrast, areas such as Bunaken and Bunaken Islands retained the dominance of low and moderate temperatures, demonstrating the role of coastal ecosystems and natural vegetation in maintaining thermal stability. These findings emphasize the importance of green open space management and spatial-temporal data-based spatial planning policies as adaptive strategies to maintain microclimate balance and reduce ecological risks in urban areas.